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--- techtalk:ref:oil01 [2024/01/18 04:57]
hippysmack
+++ techtalk:ref:oil01 [2024/01/27 20:11] (current)
hippysmack [Checking Oil Level]
@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 ====== Checking Oil Level ======
+Always check the oil after the engine is up to operating temperature before topping off the oil tank. \\
+Flogging the bike with an immediate shut down could leave too much oil in the sump. \\
 A forum member once reported that he went and flogged his buddies 06 bike. ((NRHS Sales of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/vendors/nrhs-high-performance/33374-04s-and-up-and-oil-use/page20#post724787)) \\
 When he parked it, he immediately checked the oil level and it was about a quart down. \\
@@ Line 15: / Line 18: @@
 See more on [[techtalk:ref:oil10#refoiling_lubrication|Wet sumping]] in the REF section of the Sportsterpedia. \\
+When checking the oil level before you fire up, don't be some are tempted to add oil then. \\
+But the oil in the tank can leak into the engine during shut down times. \\
+Adding oil on a cold motor may end up with having too much oil in the tank during the next ride. \\
+See more on [[techtalk:ref:oil10#sit_sumpimg|Sit Sumping]] in the REF section of the Sportsterpedia. \\
 ===== Overfilling the Oil Tank =====
 This is a common mistake. \\
@@ Line 264: / Line 271: @@
 ===== 77 and Later Cases =====
+The "drain plug" on the bottom of the case is either a pressed or threaded plug that caps the oil scavenging rifling hole. ((bobbystat of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-era-specific-and-model-specific/ironhead-sportster-motorcycle-talk-1957-1985/181232-the-simple-purpose-of-the-case-drain-plug?t=1950691)) \\
-The "drain plug" on the bottom of the case is either a pressed or threaded plug that caps the oil scavenging rifling hole. ((bobbystat of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1950691)) \\
 The MoCo drilled from the bottom of the case to the horizontal oil passage in the gearcase. \\
 This connects the crankcase sump oil to the scavenge port of the oil pump and the hole is plugged on the bottom. \\
@@ Line 275: / Line 281: @@
 Oil from cylinder drains, crankpin, pushrods and cam chest that collects in the sump is fed to the pump by crankcase pressure and pump suction through this hole. \\
-|  Case & Tranny Drain Plugs on a 1978 engine ((photo by IronMick of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=806833&highlight=drilling+tapping+drain&page=2))  |  Case Drain Plug on a 1977 engine ((photos by bobbystat of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1950691))  ||
+|  Case & Tranny Drain Plugs on a 1978 engine ((photo by IronMick of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-era-specific-and-model-specific/ironhead-sportster-motorcycle-talk-1957-1985/96156-drilling-and-tapping-sump-plug-in-place-73xlch/page2?t=806833&highlight=drilling+tapping+drain&page=2))  |  Case Drain Plug on a 1977 engine ((photos by bobbystat of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-era-specific-and-model-specific/ironhead-sportster-motorcycle-talk-1957-1985/181232-the-simple-purpose-of-the-case-drain-plug?t=1950691))  ||
 |{{:techtalk:ih:engmech:1978_drain_plugs_by_ironmick.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{techtalk:ih:oil:1977_case_drain_plug_1_by_bobbystat.jpg?direct&300|}}|{{techtalk:ih:oil:1977_case_drain_plug_2_by_bobbystat.jpg?direct&300|}}|
@@ Line 284: / Line 290: @@
 You can drop a magnet wrapped in coat hanger wire into the oil tank and check for suspended particles. \\
-|  Metal content after first 1000 miles. ((photo by DirtyCory of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?p=4514045#post4514045))  |  Metal content after first 600 miles. ((photo by simeli of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?p=4514045#post4514045))  |
+|  Metal content after first 1000 miles. ((photo by DirtyCory of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-era-specific-and-model-specific/ironhead-sportster-motorcycle-talk-1957-1985/127032-getting-this-78-back-to-the-way-it-should-be/page53#post3293495))  |  Metal content after first 600 miles. ((photo by simeli of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-era-specific-and-model-specific/ironhead-sportster-motorcycle-talk-1957-1985/127032-getting-this-78-back-to-the-way-it-should-be/page53#post3293495))  |
 |{{:techtalk:ref:oil:using_a_magnet_in_the_oil_tank_by_dirtycory.jpg?direct&400|}}|{{:techtalk:ref:oil:using_a_magnet_in_the_oil_tank_by_simeli.jpg?direct&300|}}|
-The usual rule of thumb when viewing the magnet is look at the quality of the particles, not the quantity. ((Hopper of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?p=4514045#post4514045)) \\
+The usual rule of thumb when viewing the magnet is look at the quality of the particles, not the quantity. ((Hopper of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-era-specific-and-model-specific/ironhead-sportster-motorcycle-talk-1957-1985/127032-getting-this-78-back-to-the-way-it-should-be/page53#post3293495)) \\
 You can take a pinch of the particles off the magnet and rub them between your finger and thumb. \\
 If it feels soft and smooth like mud, all is ok. \\
-It's like small clumps of very fine material. They array themselves like little tepees on the magnet. ((simeli of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?p=4514045#post4514045))\\
+It's like small clumps of very fine material. They array themselves like little tepees on the magnet. ((simeli of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-era-specific-and-model-specific/ironhead-sportster-motorcycle-talk-1957-1985/127032-getting-this-78-back-to-the-way-it-should-be/page53#post3293495))\\
 In cleaning them completely off with a paper towel, it looks like a mixture of oil and graphite on the towel. \\
@@ Line 296: / Line 302: @@
 ====== Recycling Your Used Oil ======
   * Did you know used oil can be re-refined into base stock for lubricating oil? \\ If you recycle just two gallons of used oil it can generate enough electricity to run the average household for almost 24 hours.
   * We are all familiar with recycling newspapers, aluminum cans, glass and plastic bottles. \\ But you may not be aware of the efforts of the petroleum industry and other groups to promote used motor oil recycling.
@@ Line 309: / Line 314: @@
 ==== What Kind or Brand of Oil To Use for a Sportster ====
 {{:techtalk:ref:oil:55_gallon_oil_drum_by_jonesl.jpg?direct&200 |}}
-  * ((photo by JonesL of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?p=5806185)) First answer is to use the HD recommendations in the Factory Service Manual (FSM) for your year model. \\ The chart below shows some recommendations for the use of HD oils. \\ And you can contact your nearest HD dealer for current recommendations on the oil they are selling for your ride. \\ See also [[techtalk:ref:oil01#Choosing an Engine Oil Other Than HD Brand]]
+  * ((photo by JonesL of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/sportster-motorcycle-era-specific-and-model-specific/ironhead-sportster-motorcycle-talk-1957-1985/199049-oil-hungry-iron-heads#post4377606)) First answer is to use the HD recommendations in the Factory Service Manual (FSM) for your year model. \\ The chart below shows some recommendations for the use of HD oils. \\ And you can contact your nearest HD dealer for current recommendations on the oil they are selling for your ride. \\ See also [[techtalk:ref:oil01#Choosing an Engine Oil Other Than HD Brand]]
   * The MoCo has a vested interest in keeping your engine healthy and knows exactly what oil their engines like. \\ Plus, no one ever damaged an engine by changing its oil too often. \\ If you want to keep your engine healthy, regular oil changes using the recommended weight and quality of oil is the easiest way to do it.
   * **Development of Genuine Harley Davidson Motorcycle Oil**. ((MMI Fact Sheet on the Development  of Harley Davidson Genuine Motorcycle Oil pg 1)) \\ In the late 70's, complaints were received by the MoCo from recreation and touring riders experiencing valve sticking problems.
@@ Line 329: / Line 334: @@
       * Therefore, HD 240 oil was labeled meaning that the tests take an average of 240 hours before the min. test criteria was reached.
         * The closest any other oil came to the testing criteria was 220 hours. \\ (but that was the best synthetic which, at the time, cost an average of four times that of the Harley oil)
 ===== Current HD Engine Oil Recommendations =====
   * See also: [[techtalk:ref:oil01#HD Engine Oil Recommendations Per Year Model]]
   * Use proper grade of HD (or equivalent) oil for the lowest expected temperature before next oil change. ((1986-1990 HD Sportster FSM))
-  * HD oil rating in 1989 was HD-240. ((1986-1990 HD Sportster FSM pg 1-6)) \\ The number represents the hours that Harley tested the oil before it started to break down. \\ 240 hours of running time really is a long way. \\ When they went to 360 it was because they went to 5000 mile service . ((buckeyejake of the XLFORUM http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1995066&page=2))
+  * HD oil rating in 1989 was HD-240. ((1986-1990 HD Sportster FSM pg 1-6)) \\ The number represents the hours that Harley tested the oil before it started to break down. \\ 240 hours of running time really is a long way. \\ When they went to 360 it was because they went to 5000 mile service . ((buckeyejake of the XLFORUM https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/lubrication-and-lubricants/186666-any-good-reason-to-not-use-h-d-syn3/page2?t=1995066&page=2))
 ^Year Model^Amount (with filter replaced)^
@@ Line 340: / Line 346: @@
 |2004-2007|<del>3.6 quarts (3.4 liters)</del> \\ 2.8 quarts (2.65 liters) \\ (see below)|
-  * Tech Tip #312 - 6/15/07 - Quote: 2004-2007 Sportster Oil Capacity - Service literature for 2004-2007 XL models incorrectly lists oil capacity as 3.6 quarts (3.4 liters). The correct amount listed should be 2.8 quarts (2.65 liters). Oil capacities listed are approximately the amount required to bring the fluid level near the full mark on the dipstick. Service Note: Be aware that the dipstick has a Full mark to indicate the highest level of oil that should be installed in a hot engine and an Add mark to indicate the lowest level of oil in a cold engine. The engine is designed to operate correctly with the oil level in the range between these two marks. While it is most important to not overfill the system, it is acceptable to operate the motorcycle with the oil level anywhere in the range between the Full and Add marks. ((Chris Hajer - http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=66800)) (This may be oil change only without the filter.)
+  * Tech Tip #312 - 6/15/07 - Quote: 2004-2007 Sportster Oil Capacity - Service literature for 2004-2007 XL models incorrectly lists oil capacity as 3.6 quarts (3.4 liters). The correct amount listed should be 2.8 quarts (2.65 liters). Oil capacities listed are approximately the amount required to bring the fluid level near the full mark on the dipstick. Service Note: Be aware that the dipstick has a Full mark to indicate the highest level of oil that should be installed in a hot engine and an Add mark to indicate the lowest level of oil in a cold engine. The engine is designed to operate correctly with the oil level in the range between these two marks. While it is most important to not overfill the system, it is acceptable to operate the motorcycle with the oil level anywhere in the range between the Full and Add marks. ((Chris Hajer - https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/lubrication-and-lubricants/34970-correction-2004-xl-oil-capacity-2-8-qts?t=66800)) (This may be oil change only without the filter.)
 ^HD Type Oil^Viscosity^HD Rating^Ambient Temp.^Cold Weather Starts Below 50F^
-|Screamin Eagle Syn 3 (fully synthetic)|SAE 20W50|HD360|Above 30F(-1C)|Excellent((shanneba from the XLFORUM- http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?threadid=1977919))|
+|Screamin Eagle Syn 3 (fully synthetic)|SAE 20W50|HD360|Above 30F(-1C)|Excellent((shanneba from the XLFORUM- https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/lubrication-and-lubricants/184049-engine-oil-101-for-the-wiki?threadid=1977919))|
-|HD Multi-grade (petroleum)|SAE 20W50|HD 360|Above 40F (4C)|Good((shanneba from the XLFORUM- http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?threadid=1977919))|
+|HD Multi-grade (petroleum)|SAE 20W50|HD 360|Above 40F (4C)|Good((shanneba from the XLFORUM- https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/lubrication-and-lubricants/184049-engine-oil-101-for-the-wiki?threadid=1977919))|
-|HD Mulitigrade (petroleum)|SAE 10W40|HD 360|Below 40F (4C)|Excellent ((shanneba from the XLFORUM- http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?threadid=1977919))|
+|HD Mulitigrade (petroleum)|SAE 10W40|HD 360|Below 40F (4C)|Excellent ((shanneba from the XLFORUM- https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/lubrication-and-lubricants/184049-engine-oil-101-for-the-wiki?threadid=1977919))|
 |HD Regular Heavy (petroleum)|SAE 50|HD 360|Above 60F (16C)|Poor((1986-1990 HD Sportster FSM pg 1-6))|
 |HD Extra Heavy (petroleum)|SAE 60|HD 360|Above 80F (27C)|Poor((1986-1990 HD Sportster FSM pg 1-6))|
-^In the absence of HD 360 oils, HD recommends using oil certified for diesel engines((shanneba from the XLFORUM- http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?t=1977919))^^
+^In the absence of HD 360 oils, HD recommends using oil certified for diesel engines((shanneba from the XLFORUM- https://www.xlforum.net/forum/sportster-motorcycle-forum/lubrication-and-lubricants/184049-engine-oil-101-for-the-wiki?threadid=1977919))^^
 |Acceptable API Ratings|Acceptable SAE Viscosity Rating in Descending Order|
 |CH-4, CI-4 and CJ-4|20W-50, 15W-40 and 10W-40|
@@ Line 400: / Line 406: @@
   * **The** [[techtalk:ref:oil01#Engine Oil Comparison Charts]] also  include any published Jaso ratings and wet clutch verbage from the respective brands sampled.
   * See more about [[techtalk:ref:oil01#JASO Oil Specifications]] for wet clutch transmissions.
 ==== Engine Oil Comparison Charts ====
   * These charts were compiled solely from SDS, TDS and other published data from the respective companies. There are many brands on the list and many more that are not. The charts serve as a comparison to oil company claims as well as to what you are using. However, a used oil analysis will confirm more about the oil you use for your engine than these charts can. If your brand is not included here, you can search their respective website for MSDS, SDS, TDS, and PDS information where you can find all the information available from them as is included in these charts.
   * MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets), which has been renamed to SDS (Safety Data Sheets) and TDS (Technical Data Sheets) which is also published as PDS (Product Data Sheets). You will find that some manufacturers do not update their charts as well as others. You will also find that some information in the SDS is different than the information in the TDS of the same oil bottle.
 ----
 -A to B{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_1_a_to_b_.jpg?direct&100|}}  2-B{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_2_b_.jpg?direct&100|}} 3-B to E{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_3_b_to_e_.jpg?direct&100|}} 4-E to G{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_4_e_to_g_.jpg?direct&100|}}  5-H{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_5-h.jpg?direct&100|}}  6-I{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_6-i.jpg?direct&100|}}  7-I to L{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_7-_i_to_l_.jpg?direct&100|}}  8-L{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_8-_l_.jpg?direct&100|}}  9-L{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_9-_l_.jpg?direct&100|}}  10-L to M{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_10-_l_to_m_.jpg?direct&100|}}  11-M{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_11-_m_.jpg?direct&100|}}  12-M{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_12-_m_.jpg?direct&100|}}  13-M{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_13-_m_.jpg?direct&100|}}  14-M to P{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_14-_m_to_p_.jpg?direct&100|}}  15-P{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_15-_p_.jpg?direct&100|}}  16-P to R{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_16-_p_to_r_.jpg?direct&100|}}  17-R{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_17-_r_.jpg?direct&100|}}  18-R to S{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_18-_r_to_s_.jpg?direct&100|}}  19-S{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_19-_s_.jpg?direct&100|}}  20-S{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_20-_s_.jpg?direct&100|}}  21-S to T{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_21-_s_to_t_.jpg?direct&100|}}  22-V{{techtalk:ref:oil:sportsterpedia_oil_viscosity_chart_22-_v_.jpg?direct&100|}}
@@ Line 428: / Line 429: @@
 ===== Choosing an Oil by API Rating =====
   * **Choose an oil made for 4 stroke motorcycles** with an API rating [[techtalk:ref:oil01#API Oil Specifications]] that is pre-API SM with an SAE viscosity comparable to HD recommendations for your bike. Most motorcycle oils are formulated with the API SG, SH and SL ratings range. There are lower viscosity grades that also carry the same API ratings as the higher ones.
   * **Zinc dialkyl dithiophoshate (or ZDDP)** [[techtalk:ref:oil01#ZDDP]] is the proven and trusted anti-wear agent (basically a mix of Zinc and Phosphorous) that is being slowly phased out from oil products by mandates from the EPA.
@@ Line 444: / Line 444: @@
 ===== Conventional VS Synthetic  =====
   * In time, any engine lubricant will have a diminished ability to perform its job, which is to lubricate metal-to-metal contact surfaces and to transfer heat away from the area being lubricated.
   * Heat and oxidation are the primary reasons for oil break down. The diminished ability to lubricate increases as the molecules of various size and weight are consumed by evaporation and oxidation.
@@ Line 461: / Line 460: @@
         * The fastest and most significant drop in the viscosity of petroleum-based oils used in motorcycles occurs during the first 800 miles (or less) of use.((http://www.ducatimeccanica.com/oil.html))
         * Conventional oils also contain the viscosity index improvers to resist thinning at high temperatures. These additives along with other impurities tend to shear down and boil off as well. All of these factors tend to contribute to oil consumption and depositing.((http://www.oildepot.ca/synthetic-oil-pros-cons/)).
   * **Synthetic oil**: The word "Synthetic" is a marketing term, not a technical term and is not part of the API Classification. ((https://www.infineum.com/media/80723/api-engine-oil-classifications.pdf))It is purified and broken down into its basic molecules. This process not only removes more impurities from the crude oil but also enables individual molecules in the oil to be tailored to the demands of modern engines. These customized molecules (with a tailored blend of additives) provide higher levels of protection and performance than conventional oils.((https://mobiloil.com/en/article/car-maintenance/learn-about-motor-oil-facts/synthetic-oil-vs-conventional-oil?WT.ac=Home-T2_SyntheticVsConventional))
@@ Line 476: / Line 474: @@
 ===== Car Oil vs Motorcycle Oil =====
   * Motorcycles are harder on oils than cars.((http://www.ducatimeccanica.com/oil.html))
   * The viscosities of petroleum-based oils, whether designed for auto or motorcycle application, drop at approximately the same rate when used in a motorcycle.((http://www.ducatimeccanica.com/oil.html))
@@ Line 482: / Line 479: @@
 ===== Base Oils and Refining =====
   *  The American Petroleum Institute (API) has categorized base oils into five categories (API 1509, Appendix E). The first three groups are refined from petroleum crude oil. Group IV base oils are full synthetic (polyalphaolefin) oils. Group V is for all other base oils not included in Groups I through IV. Before all the additives are added to the mixture, lubricating oils begin as one or more of these five API groups.((http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/29113/base-oil-groups))
   * There are several different base oils available to formulate motor oils. The base oils used in the 1960’s are what we now call API Group I, although some fall in the high aromatic sub classification and then some in the low aromatic sub-classification (important when discussing additives). Some companies also use their own marketing phrases like “Group 1-1/2” and “Group 2+”.
@@ Line 495: / Line 491: @@
     * **Group IV oils** are PAO (Polyalphaolefin) synthetics . These are excellent lubricants but have very low solvency when used by themselves, not mixing well with other oils, additives or contaminants, and causing hardening of seals and gaskets. Fully formulated PAO based oils use esters or other ingredients to increase their solvency. These synthetic base oils are made through a process called synthesizing. They have a much broader temperature range and are great for use in extreme cold conditions and high heat applications.((http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/29113/base-oil-groups))
     * **Group V oils** are everything else synthetic including silicone, phosphate ester, polyalkylene glycol (PAG), polyolester, biolubes, etc.((http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/29113/base-oil-groups)) In general the esters and diesters of various formulations are used to mix in small percentages with PAO oils to give the necessary solvency and help them maintain a clean engine, softening the seals to avoid leakage. Ester oils can take more abuse at higher temperatures and will provide superior detergency compared to a PAO synthetic base oils.((http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/29113/base-oil-groups)) The category also includes other types of oils used for specialty products or to thicken group I, II, III or IV oils. ((http://www.widman.biz/uploads/Corvair_oil.pdf))
 ==== De-waxing ====
   * Paraffinic crudes need to be de-waxed. In de-waxing the oil is blended with a solvent with which it is miscible. The mixture is cooled, the N-alkanes will crystallize and can then be filtrated off. The solvent is subsequently removed by distillation.((http://www.engnetglobal.com/documents/pdfcatalog/NYN001_200412073535_Base%20oil%20handbookENG.pdf))
 ==== Extraction ====
   * Extraction is one of the oldest methods of removing unstable molecules from a distillate. The oil is mixed with a solvent (SO2 or furfural) that forms a separate phase. Aromatic and hetero-aromatic molecules will to some extent dissolve in the solvent phase and can be removed. Due to the equilibrium between the two phases, the amount of aromatics in the raffinate phase lies between 5 and 11%. After the extraction step, a mild hydrogenation is usually performed.((http://www.engnetglobal.com/documents/pdfcatalog/NYN001_200412073535_Base%20oil%20handbookENG.pdf))
 ==== Hydrogenation ====
   * De-waxing and extraction are based on physical methods. Hydrogenation is a chemical conversion of undesirable and environmentally dangerous molecules into harmless compounds.
@@ Line 517: / Line 513: @@
 ==== Oil Additives ====
    * In the 1930s a wax modifier was added to oil to address the problem of wax residue after the refining process. Thus began the use of additives in the formulation of motor oil. Today, motor oils contain a variety of ingredients designed to improve their performance capabilities. ((http://www.upmpg.com/tech_articles/oil_bottle.htm))
   * The more stable the base oil, the less additives are needed. In general a Group II oil will have better performance with 10% less additives than a Group I oil.
   * As running time accumulates, the additives degrade and the oil "falls out of grade." In essence, your 10W30 turns into a 10W20 or worse, hence the need for regular oil changes.((http://www.motorcyclecruiser.com/tips-tech/beginners-guide-to-oil-how-it-works))
 **SURFACE PROTECTION ADDITIVES**
@@ Line 539: / Line 533: @@
     * **Antioxidants** slow the rate of oxidation by decomposing peroxides and terminating free-radical reactions and also prevent oil from thickening when it runs hot for extended periods.
     * **Metal deactivators** are used to reduce catalytic effect of metals on the oxidation rate.
 ----
 ==== Mixing Oils/ Oil Additives ====
 Many oil manufacturers publicize that their synthetic oils can be mixed with other synthetics as well as petroleum oils but the practice is discouraged due to the fact that in doing so would alter the additive blend and general base qualities of the mix with possible detrimental effects to your engine.
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@@ Line 573: / Line 566: @@
     * Many lubricating oils and greases now contain borates in various forms to reduce wear by the action of these solid borate films, which act as AW and EP additives. When used with the dithiocarbamate family of antimony’s and moly’s, corrosion and antioxidant resistant greases can be formulated as well to provide the same EP and AW qualities.
     * A side benefit of the borates in motor oils and gear lubricants is their action as mild detergents and as acid reducing agents. Their alkili chemistry helps to retain the oil's TBN, or Total Base Number as well.
 ----
@@ Line 607: / Line 599: @@
 ===== First Step to Getting Used Oil Analyzed =====
   * There are hundreds of oil testing companies out there. Doing an internet search will provide many different companies to choose from.
   * Choose one near you or that you feel comfortable with, contact them for a sample kit to be delivered to you. Some of the kits are sent free to you and you'll be charged when the sampling is done but be sure to get that information out in the open first. You can also buy kits around the net and at some auto parts stores.
@@ Line 613: / Line 604: @@
 ==== Collecting an Engine Oil Sample For Testing ====
     * **Basically, drain it or suck it out**. First, the old oil must be heated up to operating temp first to allow for debris suspension as in a normal oil change. If your draining  it, allow enough oil to exit the drain hose for a few moments before the sample is taken so contaminants that have previously settled in/ around the drain are flushed out.((http://www.oaitesting.com/obtaining-sample.aspx)) Try not to get either the first or the last of the oil out of the oil reservoir.((http://www.blackstone-labs.com/gas-sampling.php))Some use a turkey baster inserted into the oil tank about halfway down the oil sump to extract the oil sample. A small suction pump can be purchased for this purpose as well.((http://xlforum.net/forums/showthread.php?postid=5469439#post5469439))
   * **While collecting the sample**, try to fill the sample bottle to the recommended quantity on the sample bottle to give the testing company enough to complete all the testing required. But even if you only have 1 oz., at least a few tests can be performed with that. Call the company if you still have questions before sending the sample to them.
@@ Line 624: / Line 614: @@
   * **Take samples at regularly scheduled intervals** and always from the same sampling point each time. Document the date and odometer readings at each oil change, how much oil you have added to make up since the last oil change as well as when your next one is due.
   * **The testing company will let you know** of a change in testing/ change intervals if needed based on certain parameters such as a safety risk, failure history or trending condition of your engine.
 ===== Cost VS Benefit of UOAs =====
   * A successful oil analysis program requires an organized and sustained effort. "Both the user and the laboratory must work closely together to achieve the desired results"((http://www.synlube.com/OilAnalysis.html)) is what most testing labs would probably tell you. And, truthfully, they may be correct. End result however is that it is going to cost you money. Not like a house payment but it is more like doubling the price of an oil change at controlled intervals which is ultimately decided by how much you can afford to do. For some people, it's an operating cost they can't afford to assume or do not have time or opportunity (which can also be relevant costs) to work on. Some would say to just change the oil at regular service intervals and save the UOA money for something else. However, you can have a UOA performed only once or however many times you choose so in that sense, you control what you spend. And for some people, it's buying piece of mind for awhile anyway.
   * Oil analysis can identify any problems developing in your engine long before they cause you an expensive headache. It allows you to get a good look at the microscopic wear your engine is producing. It Lets you know how far you can go between oil changes without hurting your engine. It also tells you if your oil and air filters are doing a good job.((http://www.blackstone-labs.com/engine-types.php#GasEngine))One more important reason to have the oil analyzed is that before buying a used vehicle, bike whichever, a UOA can tell you the state of the engine before you assume the costs of a rebuild. However, since oil analysis can best find problems in oil that has been in use for at least 1000 miles, it won't do much good if the oil has been changed just before being put on the 'for sale' boards.((http://www.blackstone-labs.com/lemon-aide.php))
 ===== More Reading Material on UOAs =====
   * Article from Bob's the Oil Guy on Blackstone Lab's processing of oil samples: [[https://bobistheoilguy.com/]]
   * Spectro Scientific "Oil Analysis Handbook": [[http://www.spectrosci.com/default/assets/File/SpectroSci_OilAnalysisHandbook_FINAL_2014-08.pdf]]
@@ Line 638: / Line 625: @@
 ===== Used Oil Analysis Charts =====
   * Click on a chart to enlarge.
@@ Line 645: / Line 631: @@
 ====== Oil Viscosity and Testing ======
+\\
 ==== SAE Viscosity Grades For Engine Oils ====
 ( — 1 mPa-s = 1 cP; 1mm 2/s=1cSt) - All values, with the exception of the low-temperature cranking viscosity, are critical specifications as defined by ASTM D3244 ((https://www.infineum.com/media/80723/api-engine-oil-classifications.pdf))
@@ Line 671: / Line 657: @@
 ===== Kinematic Viscosity of Oil =====
   * Kinematic viscosity is a measure of the resistive flow of a fluid under the influence of gravity. This measurement is generally displayed in most oil manufacturers respective TDS and/or SDS information data. There does seem to be a bit of differences of the "exact" results when comparing a brand's SDS and TDS data so it makes you want to not take the values for "absolute".
   * When two fluids of equal volume are placed in identical capillary viscometers and allowed to flow under the influence of gravity, a viscous fluid takes longer than a less viscous fluid to flow through the tube. ((http://physics.info/viscosity/))
@@ Line 680: / Line 665: @@
 ===== Oil Viscosity Index =====
   * The viscosity index was developed by E. Dean and G. Davis in 1929. It is an empirically derived, unitless number. Based on the methodology, Pennsylvania crude (paraffinic) was set as a benchmark at one extreme, representing low viscosity changeability relative to temperature. At the other extreme was Texas Gulf crudes (naphthenic). If a lubricant was similar to the Pennsylvania crude, it was assigned a VI of 100. If it was similar to Texas Gulf crude, it was assigned a VI of 0. Halfway in between was a VI of 50, and so forth. The higher the VI, the more stable the viscosity across a range of temperatures (more desirable). The temperatures used to determine the VI are 40 degrees C to 100 degrees C.((Jim Fitch, a founder and CEO of Noria  Corporation,http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/28956/lubricant-viscosity-index))
   * For machines of constant load, constant speed and constant ambient temperatures, the ideal viscosity very often results in the lowest stabilized oil temperature. Oils of lower or higher viscosities (than the optimum viscosity) will typically increase the oil’s stabilized temperature due to either churning losses (too much viscosity) or mechanical friction (too little viscosity).((Jim Fitch, a founder and CEO of Noria Corporation,http://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/28956/lubricant-viscosity-index))
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 ===== Boiling Point/ Range =====
   * An oil is a mixture of many different kinds of molecules, each with its own boiling point.
   * Therefore, an oil will boil over a range of temperatures (boiling range).
@@ Line 704: / Line 687: @@
 ===== Flash Point =====
   * The flash point of an oil is specified for safety reasons, but also because it indicates how volatile the oil is.
   * Light parts of the oil determine the flash point which is extremely sensitive to contaminants from lighter oils, such as gas oil or gasoline.
@@ Line 711: / Line 693: @@
 ===== Flash Point VS Boiling Range =====
   * It is at the low temperature area of the boiling range that flash point is determined. A correlation exists between the 5% point in the boiling range and the flashpoint.
   * The lighter the products, the lower the flashpoint. Thus, two oils with the same viscosity (50% point) may have different flash points depending on the shape of the distillation curve at low temperatures.((http://www.engnetglobal.com/documents/pdfcatalog/NYN001_200412073535_Base%20oil%20handbookENG.pdf))
@@ Line 735: / Line 716: @@
 |SB|Not for use in gas-powered automobile engines built after 1963. Use in modern engines may cause unsatisfactory perf./ equipment harm|No Limits||
 |SA|Replaced in 1930. Use in modern engines may cause unsatisfactory perf./ equipment harm|No Limits||
 ^DIESEL^^
@@ Line 748: / Line 728: @@
 ===== JASO Oil Specifications =====
   * The JASO Engine Oil Standards Implementation Panel consists of six organizations; Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ), Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association, Inc. (JAMA), Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. (JSAE), Land Engine Manufacturers Association (LEMA), Japan Lubricating Oil Society (JALOS), and Japan Boating Industry Association (JBIA) as well as other concerned companies (lubricant additive manufacturers). ((http://www.jalos.or.jp/onfile/jaso_e.htm))
   * Oil companies submit their testing data results to JASO and if approved, their oil data is listed with JASO. JASO assumes no liability for erroneous information submitted by the companies. ((http://www.jalos.or.jp/onfile/pdf/2T_EV0412.pdf))
@@ Line 772: / Line 751: @@
 ===== SAE Oil Specifications =====
   *  SAE uses numbers to indicate viscosity (flow-ability). Thin oils have low numbers and thick oil has high numbers. A "W" after the number indicates the viscosity was tested at low temperature to simulate cold weather operation. Engine oils fall into the 5W30 to 20W50 range. Multigrade oils (example 10W50) are less viscous (10) at lower temperatures and more viscous at higher temperatures (50) which allows the engine to operate efficiently over a wide range of operating temps. ((Clymer Sportster RepairManual 1959-1985))
 ===== International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Certifications =====
   * In 1946, delegates from 25 countries met at the Institute of Civil Engineers in London and decided to create a new international organization to facilitate the international coordination and unification of industrial standards. On 23 February 1947 the new organization, ISO, officially began operations.
   *  Since- International Organization for Standardization- would have different acronyms in different languages (IOS in English, OIN in French for Organisation internationale de normalisation), their founders decided to give it the short form ISO. ISO is derived from the Greek isos, meaning equal. Whatever the country, whatever the language, it's always ISO.
@@ Line 795: / Line 772: @@
   *  ACEA defines specifications for engine oils so called ACEA Oil Sequences. The sequences are usually updated every few years to include the latest developments in engine and lubricant technology. ACEA itself does not approve the oils, they set the standards and oil manufacturer's may make performance claims for their products if those satisfy the relevant requirements.
   * The first ACEA oil sequences were introduced in 1996 when they replaced the former CCMC specifications. Each version of the ACEA oils sequences has or had a life cycle:((http://www.oilspecifications.org/acea.php))
 ^Issue year^First allowable use^Mandatory for new claims^This claim may be marketed until..^
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 ===== FZG (Gear Oil) Testing  =====
 Testing Methods for Gear Lubricants
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 ====== Other Reading Material on Engine Oil ======
   * Here are some links to some other reading material on the subject of oil.

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